The abstract is usually in the past tense due to it showing what has already been studied. Example: “This study was conducted at the Iyarina Field School, and within the indigenous Waorani community ...

During encoding, a speaker forms the concept of time (for example, whether an action occurred in the past ... and English. These languages were chosen because they structure verb tenses ...

The grammatical category of tense in English is a bipolar relation based on the feature [±Past]. [+Past] (the so-called present tense) refers to any eventuality that occurs before the speech event ...