However, with increasing elevation, balsam fir tends to dominate. Near timberline, black spruce joins with balsam in a dwarfed and contorted forest know as the “Krummholz.” Paper birch, yellow birch, ...

Hemlock. Black spruce. Wetlands. We learn the understory. Inventory. Model and map. Come to know this land we roam—looking under rocks, measuring trunk girth, ascending to the forest canopy to ...