Learning is the modification of responses as a result of experience. Learned behaviours can vary greatly between individuals. The monarch butterfly has a bright orange colour and an unpleasant ...

The startle reflex is an involuntary response to sudden stimuli, often characterized by a quick muscle contraction. This reflex can be influenced by various factors, including the complexity of ...

So, for example, there’s a colleague of mine at another university. He does a lot of this kind of research, but he uses stimuli of delicious desserts. … So, if you’re not hungry — if you just ate a ...

For example, goslings imprint on the first object they see that moves, but mallard ducklings imprint on an object only if it moves and also quacks. Imprinting is useful if the first object with ...