There must be no chemical reaction between the sensor material and the sample. Use a sensor with a low cell constant (0.01 to 0.1 cm-1) for low conductivity measurements and a sensor with a higher ...

In this paper, we report on an image sensor with an integrated focal-plane 2 × 2 wire-grid polarizer for the visible spectrum, fabricated in a 65-nm standard CMOS technology. This imager enables the ...