Ballbots are versatile robotic systems with the ability to move around in all directions. This makes it tricky to control their movement. In a recent study, a team has proposed a novel proportional ...

We use digital twin technology in VEC for managing and adapting to environmental dynamic changes. Then, we leverage Lyapunov optimization to transform the stochastic offloading problem into a more ...

To address the long-term constraint, we decompose the formulated long-term mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem into sequential sub-problems using the Lyapunov technique. We then develop an online ...