Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was diagnosed with spasmodic dysphonia at age 42, causing his voice to become raspy. Here's what to ...

It is known as a focal dystonia, a neurological movement disorder that affects one specific part of the body. Writer’s cramp, where there are spasms in the hands or fingers, or persistent eye ...

Spasmodic dysphonia affects up to 50,000 people in North America, and is a subset of dystonia, a muscle contraction disorder that can affect many parts of the body. In one type of vocal dystonia ...

He doesn’t have laryngitis or a respiratory infection, but rather a disorder called spasmodic dysphonia. Spasmodic dysphonia, now referred to as laryngeal dystonia, is a rare neurological ...

Dystonia is a common and disabling movement disorder in humans. It encompasses a variety of different symptoms including torticollis, limb and trunk dystonia, writer's cramp, blepharospasm and ...

Spasmodic dysphonia is considered a task-specific type of dystonia, which means it affects regular speech. It’s less likely ...

Dystonia, a movement disorder that features involuntary contractions of the muscles often leading to functional impairment, has many forms. Focal dystonia is localized to a single body part and ...

Kennedy Jr.'s voice. Spasmodic dysphonia is a chronic neurological voice disorder and a focal laryngeal dystonia. It results in involuntary spasms of the muscles that open or close the vocal folds ...

Botulinum toxin therapy has emerged as a prominent treatment option for various movement disorders, including dystonia, which is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. This therapy is ...

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD), sometimes referred to as laryngeal dystonia, is a rare neurological condition impacting the voice and speech that impacts approximately 50,000 people in North America. For ...